Why low latency

The reality is that three factors intertwine to impact overall storage performance: IOPS, latency, and bandwidth. Again, the industry often focuses on IOPS, and to a lesser extent bandwidth, but the most important of the three factors is latency, especially as the modern data center moves to integrate flash storage into the storage infrastructure.

Flash storage raises the IOPS potential and eliminates latency at the storage media level, but it also exposes latency elsewhere in the architecture. The latency of the rest of the storage infrastructure becomes the key differentiator for enterprises examining storage systems that will deliver a consistently responsive application experience. Storage systems have four basic components that create an ecosystem.

First is the media on which users store and access data. The second component is the storage software. It controls how data is written to the media as well as providing advanced features like data protection, snapshots, and replication. The third component is the CPU processing that drives the storage software. Finally, there is the storage network. It transfers data back and forth to the application tier. IOPS essentially impacts the performance of just one of these four components; the media.

The media and network capabilities impact bandwidth. Latency is the time it takes for a read or write to traverse all four components — it measures the full cycle impacting response times from application input to final output. There are two steps to reading and writing data; the time it takes to get the data on or off of the media and the time it takes that data to traverse the storage system itself. In the hard disk drive HDD based storage array, the time it takes to rotate a hard disk platter into place is an order of magnitude greater than the time it takes for the data to traverse the rest of the storage system.

The problem is data centers are moving into the flash era. Their active data is now typically being written to and read from a flash storage area. The use of flash for storage means the time it takes to get data onto and off the storage media is now measured in microseconds instead of milliseconds, exposing for the first time the inefficiency in the rest of the storage ecosystem.

Eliminating this latency, or at least reducing it, from the rest of the storage ecosystem is critical for vendors to achieve optimal performance at minimal cost. While NAND vendors continue to innovate and will continue to decrease latency within the flash module itself, most latency reductions will come from the rest of the storage ecosystem. But this does not mean necessarily that hardware needs to be custom designed for flash.

Certainly a fast internal and external network and powerful processors help, but it is the storage software that plays the critical role in reducing latency. Prior to the introduction of flash, all storage systems were hard disk drive-based. However, many ignore that 5G can be exploited to address a much more critical challenge, that is the reduction of network latency. Latency specifies the end to end communication delay, measuring the time between the sending of a given piece information and the corresponding response.

Reducing the latency experienced by the end users from hundredths of a second to a few of milliseconds can have an unexpected impact, leading to a real digital revolution. Focusing on self-driving vehicles, current cellular networks already provide a wide variety of tools that address some of the technology and business requirements.

However, in order to enable complex vehicle maneuvering, determining and recommending individual actions, e. This low-latency demand certainly requires the development of an overall 5G system architecture to provide optimized end-to-end vehicle to everything V2X connectivity. It is possible to identify different technological enablers called upon to speed up the communication process.

First of all, the 5G standard allows excellent latency performance on the radio access link, providing a flexible framework to support different services and QoS requirements: scalable transmission slot duration, mini-slot and slot aggregation, self-contained slot structure, i. In summary, different transmission patterns can be shaped for different services. Another important feature, is the deployment of fiber-based backhaul systems: traditionally, 2G and 3G mobile networks often used copper-based circuits to connect cell sites to the Mobile Backhaul MBH network.

This legacy MBH architecture has quickly shown its age with the advent of 4G. MBH upgrades are taking place all over the world converting legacy copper-based MBH serving cell sites to packet-based transport over fiber, which enables far higher capacities to best future-proof MBH networks. Shields, J. Business Insider. With that level of decentralized mining in action security could be assured.

That seems like an obvious solution until to you bear in mind the technical difficulties in performing mining operations with a limited power supply. Not only for gaming, latency is also an important aspect for various devices, such as the Internet of Things IoT , making these devices work as fast as possible after you send the instructions to […].

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